A higher standard of wastewater treatment in the UK has been linked to substantial improvements in a river’s biodiversity over the past 30 years, ensuring a welcome success story for wildlife, say scientists.
The Centre for Ecology & Hydrology analysed data from the regular monitoring of both chemicals and invertebrates in the River Ray in Wiltshire by the Environment Agency and its predecessors between 1977 and 2016. This Thames tributary is downstream from Swindon’s large wastewater treatment plant.
The Defra-funded study found that, since 1991, there has been a steady increase in both the diversity and abundance of freshwater invertebrates, which play a vital and varied role in an ecosystem’s food chain. The water is cleaner due to a reduction in ammonia (a chemical present in human sewage that is potentially toxic to animals) plus an increase in oxygen levels (as a result of less organic matter being discharged into the river).
The findings, published in the journal Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, echo other research which indicates there has been an increase in the biodiversity of many rivers across the UK. This latest analysis, which carefully examines four decades of chemistry and invertebrates data, offers an explanation why this has happened.
Professor Andrew Johnson of the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, who led the study, explains: “There was a marked increase in the diversity and abundance of freshwater invertebrates on the River Ray immediately after 1991 and there has been a steady improvement since then. Therefore, we have identified Thames Water’s investment in improved treatment to comply with the EU Urban Wastewater Directive, which was adopted that year, as the crucial turning point.”
In practice, the implementation of the directive in the UK meant many large wastewater treatment plants including that at Swindon had to switch to the ‘activated sludge’ process, which is a more efficient way of dealing with large amounts of sewage water than the older ‘trickling filter’ system.
It indicates that even for rivers with a very high wastewater content, their fortunes can be turned around - Professor Andrew Johnson
Professor Johnson believes the increase in biodiversity on the Ray - a small river taking the entire treated wastewater of a large town of 200,000 residents - is extremely encouraging. "It indicates that even for rivers with a very high wastewater content, their fortunes can be turned around," he says.
"It is wonderful to think that people walking by the Ray are seeing returning species of damselflies and caddisflies that they weren’t seeing 30 years ago.”
The European Union had been considering the merits of charcoal filtering as an additional, final stage of the wastewater treatment process to remove pharmaceuticals – a measure that could cost a total of £30 billion to introduce at treatment plants in England and Wales. However, the analysis by CEH found the trial introduction of charcoal filtering at Swindon between 2008 and 2014 resulted in no significant increase in the diversity and abundance of freshwater invertebrates, over and above the existing improving trend.
Further information
Andrew C. Johnson, Monika D. Jürgens, François K. Edwards, Peter M. Scarlett, Helen M. Vincent, Peter von der Ohe. 2019. What Works? The Influence Of Changing Wastewater Treatment Type, Including Tertiary Granular Activated Charcoal On Downstream Macroinvertebrate Biodiversity Over Time. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. DOI: 10.1002/etc.4460
The Centre for Ecology & Hydrology produced a press release on the paper.
The EU Urban Wastewater Directive adopted in 1991 said there should be advanced wastewater treatment in ‘sensitive’ waters, ie rivers in towns with a population of more than 10,000 people. The UK Government then declared all rivers across the country, irrespective of the size of the local population, were ‘sensitive’. This meant, in practice, that many large wastewater treatment plants in the UK had to switch from the older ‘trickling filter’ system to ‘activated sludge’ treatment.
