Environmental DNA survives for less than two days in small fast-flowing rivers, providing highly localised and current information on species composition, new experimental research has shown. This is crucial new evidence as biologists turn increasingly to new DNA sampling techniques to assess aquatic ecosystem health.
Environmental DNA (eDNA) sampling is being adopted more and more by government agencies and commercial contractors in biodiversity assessments because it uses far less manpower, needs less expertise and could reduce costs. The technique involves taking water samples from aquatic habitats and screening for remnants of DNA (e.g. cells and secretions) originating from the species present. The hope is that this rapid approach could be automated to replace more laborious methods of sample sorting and identification that are currently needed.
But questions have remained: how long has the eDNA been in the water? And from how far up-river might it have come? An international team of scientists working on the LOFRESH project, led by Bangor University and including the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, have now provided answers. Their findings are published in the first issue of a new academic journal from Nature, Communications Biology.
Project coordinator Prof Simon Creer of Bangor University said, “This eDNA technique has been used far more widely over recent years, and has already contributed to conserving species in the UK such as the Great Crested Newt. While the technique can identify creatures ranging from the microscopic to larger fish and mammals, we could not say with certainty how long ago any creature had been present. Was this 'zombie' eDNA persisting from a long-dead creature or was it more recent?"
The experiments involved introducing eDNA from different species into globally unique experimental streams near Llyn Brianne in central Wales and showed that this introduced material persisted for just two days. This time frame was even shorter in more acidic upland waters. DNA from very different species (water-fleas, mayfly nymphs and the European eel) lasted for similar periods, adding further confidence to the accuracy and reliability of the results for different types of animals.
Dr Mat Seymour, Post Doctoral researcher at Bangor University and lead author on the new research, said, "The relatively short time-frame for detecting DNA particles in natural environments makes the application of eDNA based methods, for biomonitoring and environmental assessment, highly relevant since we can now be confident that we are getting a near real-time sample of the community.”
Prof Jack Cosby from the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, one of three CEH authors on the paper, said, "This work takes us one step further to understanding how we can use these eDNA techniques to improve our national scale monitoring of river quality and biodiversity”.
Cardiff University’s Director of Water Research, Dr Isabelle Durance, added, "This is hugely exciting work, bringing together world-class molecular approaches to biology with unique experimental facilities here in Wales at Llyn Brianne. It’s a major step in the development and validation of eDNA as an environmental management tool, but there is more to do. A key challenge now is to assess how well eDNA reveals whole communities of species present in streams and rivers in varying numbers.”
The research team is now testing these methods in natural river systems, sampling Wales’ river Conwy intensively and up to 60 additional locations, including locations in Europe and the USA.
The work was funded by the UK’s Natural Environment Research Council as a Highlight Topic grant. Research partners included Bangor University, Cardiff University, the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, University of Birmingham, The University of Sydney, Cornell University and the University of California Riverside.
Additional information
Full paper reference: Mathew Seymour et al, Acidity promotes degradation of multi-species environmental DNA in lotic mesocosms, Communications Biology DOI: 10.1038/s42003-017-0005-3 (open access)
Bangor University issued a press release about this story.
Staff page of Prof Jack Cosby, Centre for Ecology & Hydrology